International Association for Cryptologic Research

ePrint Report: Rethinking Consensus with Time as a Primitive Ignacio Amores-Sesar, Michelle Yeo We propose a novel timestamping mechanism for consensus protocols that reliably assigns submission times to honest transactions while preventing adversarial transactions from forging their timestamps. Our mechanism remains secure even under asynchronous networks and in the presence of corrupted parties. We demonstrate how it can be integrated into the three main families of consensus protocols and show its compatibility with layer-2 solutions. This construction enables robust layer-2 implementations that do not rely on timing assumptions, remain resilient under network saturation, and prevent collusion between users and validators to censor honest users.

ePrint Report: Improved Differential Cryptanalysis of ARADI Surajit Mandal, Sandip Kumar Mondal, Raghvendra Rohit, Santanu Sarkar This study investigates and improves the differential cryptanalysis of the ARADI block cipher, a low-latency cryptographic system developed by the United States National Security Agency for memory encryption. The preliminary security assessment of ARADI revealed deficiencies that require additional examination. This study revisits and corrects the key recovery attack introduced by Bellini et al. (Indocrypt 2024). By correcting these mistakes, the research presents a precise 11-round key recovery method with revised attack complexities. Additionally, the analysis is expanded to introduce a key recovery attack for 12 rounds of ARADI, leaving the security margin of the cipher to only 4 rounds.

ePrint Report: Evaluating the Resistance of ARADI Against Differential Fault Attack Chandan Dey, Soumya Sahoo, Santanu Sarkar The ARADI block cipher is developed by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) as part of its efforts to design secure and efficient cryptographic algorithms. In this paper, we present the first detailed analysis of the lightweight block cipher ARADI under differential fault attacks. Although ARADI is structured around word-wise operations, its security fundamentally depends on bit-level properties, making it vulnerable to carefully crafted fault models. Bit-based fault models require a large number of faults, while word-based models reduce the number of faults but make precise identification of fault locations difficult. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a new nibble-based approach using permissible nibble differences (PNDs). This model provides an effective tradeoff between the number of required faults and the complexity of identifying fault positions. In our attack, the adversary randomly injects nibble faults before the last two rounds and constructs differential equations involving unknown key variables without knowing the exact fault values. Our results demonstrate that, with at most 108 random fault injections, the entire master key of ARADI can be recovered within a practical time complexity. This work reveals previously unexplored vulnerabilities of ARADI under fault attacks and highlights the need to evaluate lightweight cipher designs using nibble-level fault models, along with the traditional bit- and word-level analyses.

ePrint Report: Cryptography with Weak Privacy Amos Beimel, Yuval Ishai, Eyal Kushilevitz, Hanjun Li We initiate a systematic study of information-theoretic cryptography with {\em weak privacy}, only requiring that the adversary cannot rule out any possible secret. For a parameter $00$. We obtain the following main results. Positive results. We present efficient WP constructions for generalized secret sharing, decomposable randomized encodings, and the related notions of garbling schemes and PSM protocols, as well as interactive secure multiparty computation protocols in the plain model and in the OT-hybrid model. For secret sharing, we settle a question of Beimel and Franklin (TCC 2007), showing that every $n$-party access structure admits a WP scheme with per-party share size $O(n)$. When all unauthorized sets have constant size, we get a $p$-WP scheme with constant share size and $p\ge 1/poly(n)$. Negative result. For decomposable randomized encodings, we show that a previous lower bound technique of Ball et al.\ (ITCS 2020) applies also to the WP notion. Together with our upper bound, this shows that the optimal WP garbling size of the worst-case $f:\{0,1\}^n\to\{0,1\}$ is $\tilde{\Theta}(n^2)$. Application. While WP may seem like an unrealistically weak security notion, we demonstrate its usefulness towards achieving traditional security guarantees. Concretely, under the standard LPN assumption, we show that any $p$-WP secret-sharing scheme with inverse-polynomial $p$ implies a {\em computationally secure} secret-sharing scheme for a related access structure. Together with our positive results for WP secret sharing, this implies a super-polynomial improvement of the share size for a natural class of access structures.

ePrint Report: On Singh et. al.’s “Collatz Hash” Joe Doyle Singh et. al. recently uploaded a preprint describing a new hash function inspired by the Collatz Conjecture. After performing some cursory tests, the proposed function appears to be completely unsuitable for cryptographic purposes, and should not be used.

ePrint Report: Tight Security for BBS Signatures Rutchathon Chairattana-Apirom, Dennis Hofheinz, Stefano Tessaro This paper studies the concrete security of BBS signatures (Boneh, Boyen, Shacham, CRYPTO ’04; Camenisch and Lysyanskaya, CRYPTO ’04), a popular algebraic construction of digital signatures which underlies practical privacy-preserving authentication systems and is undergoing standardization by the W3C and IRTF. Sch\”age (Journal of Cryptology ’15) gave a tight standard-model security proof under the $q$-SDH assumption for a less efficient variant of the scheme, called BBS+–here, $q$ is the number of issued signatures. In contrast, the security proof for BBS (Tessaro and Zhu, EUROCRYPT ’23), also under the $q$-SDH assumption, is \emph{not} tight. Nonetheless, this recent proof shifted both standardization and industry adoption towards the more efficient BBS, instead of BBS+, and for this reason, it is important to understand whether this tightness gap is inherent. Recent cryptanalysis by Chairattana-Apirom and Tessaro (ASIACRYPT ’25) also shows that a tight reduction to $q$-SDH is the best we can hope for. This paper closes this gap in two different ways. On the positive end, we show a novel tight reduction for BBS in the case where each message is signed at most once–this case covers in particular the common practical use case which derandomizes signing. On the negative end, we use a meta-reduction argument to prove that if we allow generating multiple signatures for the same message, then {\em no} algebraic reduction to $q$-SDH (and its variants) can be tight.

ePrint Report: Taming Iterative Grinding Attacks on Blockchain Beacons Peter Gaži, Saad Quader, Alexander Russell Random beacons play a critical role in blockchain protocols by providing publicly verifiable, unpredictable randomness essential for secure assignment of protocol roles such as block producers and committee membership. In the interest of efficiency, many deployed blockchains adopt beacon algorithms that suffer from grinding: an adversarial attack in which a party exploits freedom given by the protocol to bias the outcome of the random beacon by resampling it several times and picking the most desirable outcome. To compound the problem, beacons often operate in an iterative manner, where the beacon output produced during one protocol epoch serves as the random seed for the beacon’s invocation in the next epoch. This amplifies the security threat, as such attacks may then aggregate their power over many epochs. In this article, we formulate a generic framework for information-theoretic analysis of grinding in iterated randomness beacons. We define the natural grinding capacity of a beacon, intuitively corresponding to the amount of grinding it allows with a uniformly random seed. We then prove that sufficiently strong tail bounds on this quantity can be transformed into a guarantee on smooth min-entropy of the iterated beacon’s output, even conditioned on all past outputs and irrespective of the inner workings of the beacon. Such min-entropy guarantees can immediately be translated into corresponding statements about various applications of the beacon to committee selection, incentives, or underlying protocol security. Our main technical result concerns conventional longest-chain protocols, where we establish that the combinatorial structure of the forest of longest chains can be leveraged to control grinding. Instantiating the generic framework with these grinding upper bounds, we establish that the randomness beacon of the Ouroboros Praos protocol is secure against adversaries controlling up to about 12% of stake—even without any assumptions bounding the adversarial computational power invested into grinding. This is a qualitatively new guarantee for the protocol.

ePrint Report: Formalisation of the KZG polynomial commitment schemes in EasyCrypt Palak, Thomas Haines In this paper, we present formally verified proofs of the popular KZG Polynomial Commitment Schemes (PCSs), including the security proofs for the properties of correctness, polynomial binding, evaluation binding and hiding. Polynomial commitment schemes have various applications in cryptography and computer science, including verifiable computation, blockchain and cryptocurrencies, secure multi-party computation as well as in the construction of ZK-SNARKs. To validate security, we utilise EasyCrypt, an interactive theorem prover that allows for formal verification of cryptographic primitives and protocols. This approach enforces correct proofs which cover all required cases and formalising assumptions reducing the risk of overlooked vulnerabilities. This formalisation validates the current understanding of KZG’s PCSs as secure while clarifying various issues in the original claims.

ePrint Report: General Key Recovery Attack on Pointwise-Keyed Functions – Application to Alternating Moduli Weak PRFs Antoine Sidem, Qingju Wang The increasing use of multi-party computation (MPC) has spurred the design of symmetric key primitives specifically suited for MPC environments. Recently, weak pseudorandom functions (wPRFs) based on the alternating moduli paradigm have been proposed as a promising class of MPC-friendly primitives. The wPRF proposed at CRYPTO 2024, in its One-to-One parameter set, has been shown to be vulnerable to a key recovery attack dubbed Zeroed-Out, exploiting collisions in the queries. In this paper, we identify that the aforementioned wPRFs conform to a specific structure, called pointwise-keyed function, and further show a different, general key recovery attack. This method, applied to wPRFs in the One-to-One parameter set attacked by Zeroed-out, improves upon the complexity and achieves an attack with complexity below the birthday bound, and stays effective against the proposed countermeasures. For the first time, it succeeds in attacking one of the two Many-to-One parameter sets and stays effective against one of the proposed countermeasures. We also consider its applicability to the alternative wPRF of similar structure proposed by Boneh et al at TCC 2018.

ePrint Report: Delving into Cryptanalytic Extraction of PReLU Neural Networks Yi Chen, Xiaoyang Dong, Ruijie Ma, Yantian Shen, Anyu Wang, Hongbo Yu, Xiaoyun Wang The machine learning problem of model extraction was first introduced in 1991 and gained prominence as a cryptanalytic challenge starting with Crypto 2020. For over three decades, research in this field has primarily focused on ReLU-based neural networks. In this work, we take the first step towards the cryptanalytic extraction of PReLU neural networks, which employ more complex nonlinear activation functions than their ReLU counterparts. We propose a raw output-based parameter recovery attack for PReLU networks and extend it to more restrictive scenarios where only the top-m probability scores are accessible. Our attacks are rigorously evaluated through end-to-end experiments on diverse PReLU neural networks, including models trained on the MNIST dataset. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical demonstration of PReLU neural network extraction across three distinct attack scenarios.

ePrint Report: Cryptographic Personas: Responsible Pseudonyms Without De-Anonymization Rachel Thomas, Oliwia Kempinski, Hari Kailad, Emma Margaret Shroyer, Ian Miers, Gabriel Kaptchuk We present cryptographic personas, an approach for facilitating access to pseudonymous speech within communities without enabling abuse. In systems equipped with cryptographic personas, users are able to authenticate to the service provider under new, unlinkable personas at will and post messages under those personas. When users violate community norms, their ability to post anonymously can be revoked. We develop two significant improvements to existing work on anonymous banning systems that make it possible to integrate cryptographic personas into real-time applications like group messaging: we show how to push expensive proof generation into an offline phase and find a way to optimize server-side overhead using recent proof folding techniques. We implement cryptographic personas, integrating them into a variety of settings, and show that they are concretely efficient enough for deployment.

ePrint Report: TAPAS: Datasets for Learning the Learning with Errors Problem Eshika Saxena, Alberto Alfarano, François Charton, Emily Wenger, Kristin Lauter AI-powered attacks on Learning with Errors (LWE), an important hard math problem in post-quantum cryptography, rival or outperform “classical” attacks on LWE under certain parameter settings. Despite the promise of this approach, a dearth of accessible data limits AI practitioners’ ability to study and improve these attacks. Creating LWE data for AI model training is time- and compute-intensive and requires significant domain expertise. To fill this gap and accelerate AI research on LWE attacks, we propose the TAPAS datasets, a Toolkit for Analysis of Post-quantum cryptography using AI Systems. These datasets cover several LWE settings and can be used off-the-shelf by AI practitioners to prototype new approaches to cracking LWE. This work documents TAPAS dataset creation, establishes attack performance baselines, and lays out directions for future work.

ePrint Report: Linear-time and Logarithmically-sound Permutation and Multiset SNARKs Bing-Jyue Chen, Lilia Tang, David Heath, Daniel Kang Permutation and multiset checks underpin many SNARKs, yet existing techniques either incur superlinear prover time or rely on auxiliary commitments with soundness error that grows linearly in the input size. We present new arguments with linear-time provers and logarithmic soundness, without auxiliary commitments. Prior work achieving logarithmic soundness error arithmetizes the permutation as a product of several multilinear polynomials, a formulation chosen for compatibility with the classic Sumcheck PIOP. A simpler alternative treats permutations as multilinear extensions of their permutation matrices. While this formulation was previously believed to require quadratic prover time, we show that this overhead can be eliminated by taking a linear-algebraic perspective. This viewpoint has a key advantage: partially evaluating the multilinear polynomial of the permutation requires no additional field operations and amounts to applying the inverse permutation to the verifier’s challenge vector. This makes the step essentially free in terms of algebraic cost, unlike in prior approaches. Compared to concurrent work BiPerm (Bünz et al., ePrint Archive, 2025), our scheme requires no permutation preprocessing and supports prover-supplied permutations. We show a sparsity-aware PCS like Dory (Lee, TCC, 2021) can compile our PIOP to a SNARK such that the resulting SNARK prover still runs in time $O(n)$. Our construction is the first logarithmically-sound SNARK with an $O(n)$-time prover for both permutation and multiset checks. We further prove a matching optimal prover lower bound, and we identify specific permutations that can be evaluated by the verifier in $O(\mathrm{polylog}(n))$-time. The ability to evaluate these permutations in $O(\mathrm{polylog}(n))$ time allows the verifier to avoid relying on prover-supplied commitments or evaluation proofs. As a result, we obtain the first logarithmically sound, field-agnostic SNARK with an $O(n)$-time prover in this setting.

ePrint Report: Unobservable Contracts from Zerocash and Trusted Execution Environments Adrian Cinal Privacy-oriented cryptocurrencies like Zerocash only support direct payments and not the execution of more complex contracts. Bitcoin and Ethereum, on the other hand, cannot guarantee privacy, and using them for contract execution leaves open questions about fungibility of the proceeds and requires contract designers to take frontrunning countermeasures. This work reconciles the two worlds and develops a practical framework for decentralized execution of complex contracts that (1) is undetectable to the network at large, (2) maintains anonymity of the potentially mutually distrustful counterparties, (3) guarantees fair termination, and (4) is immediately resistant to frontrunning and miner bribery attacks. This is achieved by leveraging the confidentiality and anonymity guarantees of Zerocash and the verifiability and flexibility of trusted execution environments.

ePrint Report: DPA-Style Attacks on HQC Zhuo Huang, Weijia Wang, Xiaogang Zhou, Yu Yu HQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic) was selected as the fifth algorithm in the NIST suite of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) standards. As the only code-based algorithm currently standardized by NIST, HQC offers a good balance between security assurance, performance, and implementation simplicity. Most existing power analyses against HQC are of the SPA style: they can recover secrets with a small number of traces, but can only tolerate limited noise. In this paper, we develop a chosen-ciphertext DPA-style attack methodology against HQC. We formalize a dedicated chosen-ciphertext setting in which the adversary selects $(\mathbf{u},\mathbf{v})$ to target the intermediate value $\mathbf{v}\oplus(\mathbf{u}\mathbf{y})$ over $\mathbb{F}_2[x]/(x^n-1)$. We further optimize the attack by reducing its computational complexity and generalizing it to target masked HQC implementations. The proposed approach is validated through both simulation and practical experiments. In noiseless simulations, full-key recovery is achieved with just \(10\) traces, and the required number of traces increases linearly with 1/SNR. In practical evaluations on an STM32F4 microprocessor, the secret key can be recovered with \(45\) traces without profiling and \(10\) traces with profiling. When first-order masking is applied, key recovery on the same hardware target remains feasible by exploiting second-order features, requiring approximately \(7{,}500\) traces without profiling. Our results establish a direct and analyzable connection between leakage on \(\mathbf{v}\oplus \mathbf{u}\mathbf{y}\) and end-to-end key recovery, emphasizing the necessity of higher-order masking countermeasures for HQC implementations.

Job Posting: Cryptography Researcher ClairVault Company DescriptionClairVault is an early-stage startup developing privacy-preserving technologies that allow organizations to use their sensitive data securely and in compliance with regulations. Our core mission is to make encrypted data usable: enabling real-time search, analytics, and predictions without decryption. We focus on advanced cryptographic methods such as privacy-preserving encryption, secure computation, and vector-embedding encryption, working with early customers in healthcare, finance, and enterprise systems. With academic and industry advisors and proof-of-concept projects underway, ClairVault is bridging research and real-world applications of cryptography.Role DescriptionThis is a full-time remote or hybrid role for a Cryptography Researcher. You will explore, design, and analyze cryptographic protocols for privacy-preserving data processing and work closely with engineers to translate your research into high-performance implementations. This role is ideal for someone passionate about advancing applied cryptography while helping shape the foundation of an innovative startup. ResponsibilitiesResearch and design cryptographic schemes for privacy-preserving computation and encrypted data search.Analyze the security and efficiency of proposed schemes.Collaborate with Rust developers to implement research into production-ready libraries.Evaluate and benchmark cryptographic algorithms on real-world datasets.Stay ahead of emerging trends in cryptography, privacy, and secure computation. QualificationsAdvanced degree (Master’s/PhD) in Cryptography, Computer Science, Mathematics, or a related field.Strong knowledge of modern cryptography (e.g., homomorphic encryption, lattice-based cryptography, secure multiparty computation, zero-knowledge proofs).Demonstrated research contributions (publications, preprints, or open-source projects).Ability to analyze the trade-offs between theoretical security guarantees and practical performance.Comfortable working in an early-stage startup environment. Closing date for applications: Contact: Please send your CV, research portfolio/publications, or links to relevant work to jobs@clairvault.com.

Job Posting: Junior Researcher / PhD Student Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg limited to 3 years, full time, with possibility for extension Tasks: Active research in the area of intrusion detection systems (IDS) for critical infrastructures, secure cyber-physical systems, and artificial intelligence / machine learning for traffic analysis Implementation and evaluation of new algorithms and methods Cooperation and knowledge transfer with industrial partners Publication of scientific results Assistance with teaching The employment takes place with the goal of doctoral graduation (obtaining a PhD degree). Requirements: Master’s degree (or equivalent) in Computer Science or related disciplines Strong interest in IT security and/or networking and distributed systems Knowledge of at least one programming language (C++, Java, etc.) and one scripting language (Perl, Python, etc.) or strong willingness to quickly learn new programming languages Linux/Unix skills Knowledge of data mining, machine learning, statistics and result visualization concepts is of advantage Excellent working knowledge of English; German is of advantage Excellent communication skills Applications containing the following documents: A detailed Curriculum Vitae Transcript of records from your Master studies An electronic version of your Master thesis, if possible should be sent in a single PDF file as soon as possible, but not later than 10.11.2025 at itsec-jobs.informatik@lists.b-tu.de Closing date for applications: Contact: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andriy Panchenko, itsec-jobs.informatik@lists.b-tu.de More information: https://www.b-tu.de/fg-it-sicherheit

Job Posting: Associate Professor Institute of Science Tokyo (formerly Tokyo Institute of Technology) Associate Professor of Department of Mathematical and Computing, School of Computing. Area of Specialization: Theoretical Computer Science, Computational Complexity Theory, Algorithm Theory, Computational Learning Theory, Mathematical Logic, Formal language Theory, Software Verification, Programming Languages, Cryptography, Distributed Systems, etc. Closing date for applications: Contact: Keisuke Tanaka, Professor, School of Computing, Institute of Science Tokyo (formerly Tokyo Institute of Technology) e-mail: keisuke@comp.isct.ac.jp. More information: https://jrecin.jst.go.jp/seek/SeekJorDetail?id=D125101483&ln=1

Job Posting: PhD Position in Applied Cryptography and Privacy Lund University, Department of Electrical and Information Technology; Lund, Sweden Through the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) we now offer two new doctoral student positions in the area of Cybersecurity and Privacy. The research is devoted to the broader area of privacy-preserving communication and computation outsourcing. Communication over the internet is susceptible to surveillance and censorship. Privacy preserving communication techniques (e.g., Tor, Nym, Snowflake) allow users to circumvent such surveillance and censorship. The research scope would include designing, analyzing and implementing such systems; additionally, studying different attacks and countermeasures are expected to be part of the research method. Privacy-preserving computation outsourcing allows users to outsource computation tasks to a cloud server without revealing to the server anything about the user data or even what kind of computations the user is performing. There are different techniques for such privacy-preserving computation outsourcing such as Trusted Execution Environment (e.g., Intel SGX) and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (TFHE, BGV). The research method will be a combination of system studies, design, and experimental research. How to apply: Applications shall be written in English and include: CV and a cover letter stating the reasons why you are interested in the doctoral programme/employment and in what way the research project corresponds to your interests and educational background. Copies of issued study certificates and/or awarded degree certificates. Other documents you wish to be considered (grade transcripts, contact information for your references, letters of recommendation, etc.) Closing date for applications: Contact: Debajyoti Das, Associate senior lecturer, debajyoti.das@eit.lth.se Christian Gehrmann, Professor, christian.gehrmann@eit.lth.se More information: https://lu.varbi.com/en/what:job/jobID:856834/

Job Posting: Assistant/Associate Professor in Network Security Maastricht University Are you an expert in Network Security, with a strong ambition to advance research in this area? Are you eager to educate and mentor motivated students and upcoming Cybersecurity professionals? Then, the Department of Advanced Computing Sciences is looking for you. We are looking for a colleague to strengthen our research and educational initiatives on Cybersecurity. Within that scope, your focus will be on Network Security: you will bring in, share, and develop valuable expertise. You will be part of the ambitious Cybersecurity team, that operates at Maastricht University in Maastricht and at the Brightlands Smart Services Campus in Heerlen. Our ideal candidate has: A PhD degree in Computer Science or a strongly related field; Experience in mentoring a team of junior researchers; A collaborative mindset; A strong and consistent track record in research and teaching; A proven track record with funding acquisition at national or European level. Closing date for applications: Contact: Are you interested in this exciting position but still have questions? Feel free to contact Bart Mennink, bart.mennink@maastrichtuniversity.nl for more information. More information: https://vacancies.maastrichtuniversity.nl/job/Maastricht-AssistantAssociate-Professor-in-Network-Security/1329480557/